Protoplanetary Disks

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Introduction

Intro paragraph

Plan

• Overview
  • Definition
  • Discovery and Early History

• Properties

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Page

• Status:

• Reviewed: ❌

• Updated: 04/02/2023

Notes

To Do

• Think about coherent plan

• Implement

Colaboration

Star formation is not my expertise so if you want to help, feel free to comment the contribution you could make

Overview

‣ Definition

A protoplanetary disk is a rotating disk of gas and dust surrounding a newly formed star, from which planets and other celestial objects eventually form.

Note

How did we get there

• Class 2
• Explain rotation of gas and -> Disk.
• Gas:Dust ratio 99:1

Fig. 42 PPD (Artist image) source

‣ Discovery and Early History

Infrared excess around young stars

Note

• used to be named Proplyd

‣ ‣ Direct Imaging

‣ ‣ ‣ The First

Directly imaged by Hubble in 1992. []

Cool fact

Beneficiated from the refurbishment of Hubble in 1993

• Check link

[]

Fig. 43 PPD source

‣ ‣ ‣ The Famous

Note

HL Tau

substructure -> structure

Structure

Note

Insert here the most simple diagram from Birnstiel + Observations

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• []: Vertical structure models of protostellar α-law accretion disks: temperature dependence of opacity is crucial factor determining radial trends, most planet formation (0.5 – 3 M1 disks) occurred in environments unheated by stellar radiation, external heating enhances flaring, but inner disk will shield planet-forming regions in most cases.

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Vertical structure

• from CO isotoplogue emission: Article

Constituents

Fig. 44 Reference - Dullemond 2006 to find

Note

Split in 2 and modify in inkscape with relevant information

Volatiles

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Observation techniques

Different techniques will probe different parts, objects of the disk …

• link with SED

Note

• Insert PPD Diagram with different zone / observations techniques
• Split in 3 with respect to different techniques and show pictures

Inner Rim

• Review: []

Note

Good diagram to show Observation per zone … to extract

Midplane

!!

Properties

Protoplanetary disks are a beautifull playground for modellers to play.

Fig. 45 Reference

Physics of PPDs

Figure X is a protoplanetary disk schematic highlighting some of the key disc mechanisms and the physics that is required to be modeled to understand them (in parentheses and defined below):

• HD: Hydrodynamics

• MHD: Magnetohydrodynamics

• RHD: Radiationhydrodynamics

• RT: Radiative transfer

• CHEM: Chemistry

• DD: Dust dynamics

Fig. 46 Reference

Most of the Physics presented above is out of the scope of my work and we will now focus on the Dust Dynamics, and more ?

Dust Dynamics

PPD Diagrams comes from Til Birnstiel website - source

Note

• Where are we located in time
• diagram
  • Temperature gradient, snowline

Different part of SED probes different regions of a PPD

• How to image the midplane ?

Evolution of PPD is dominated by:

• Ongoing accretion of material onto the star
• photoevaporation
• dust agglomeration
• dynamical interaction with stellar or galactic environment

Fig. 47 Interstellar Dust

Fig. 48 Interstellar Dust

‣ ‣ Mass

PPD mass can be constrained by ALMA measurments using different methods

Example:

• Mass of solids in mm-sized dust grain can be estimated from the mm flux density combined with assumptions about optical depth, dust opacity and disk temperature (cf ref 12-17).
• Other methods uses the amplitude and wavelength of the gravitational instability wiggle (ref 18 - ?)

the mass of PPDs is dominated by gasses (H₂ and He)

• dust to gas ratio is typically 1:100 - to check for ref

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• []: Disk model for Solar System, assume compact disk that is photoevaporated, solves problem that “minimum-mass” (assuming that giant planets swept up all material in their feeding zones) disk models have: Uranus and Neptune could not have grown to current size within lifetime of disk. This models derives planet masses within 10 % of actual masses, but only if Uranus and Neptune switched placed in early Solar System (also predicted by Nice model).

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Structure

Vertical

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‣ ‣ ‣ Disk component orbital velocity

Orbital gas velocity in PPDs is reduced below the Keplerian speed because the negative radial gas-pressure gradient (pushing outwards) counteracts the gravitational pull of the stars. Solid materials are not pressure supported and as a result, dust particles should orbit the stars at Keplerian velocity but because they experience a headwind from the slower-rotating gas, a drag force acts on the particles, slowing them down.

• Epstein drag law for particles that are smaller than the mean free path of the gas
• Stokes drag law for particles bigger than the mean free path of the gas

Different flow regimes.

Note

What is meant by the mean free path of the gas

Wikipedia

The gas drag acting on dust particles is best described by the stopping time:

Fig. 49 (a) correspond to Epstein regime, (b) Stokes regime

• R particle radius
• pp particle density
• pg gas density
• Cs gas sound speed
• λ mean free path

A common measure of particle sizes in protoplanetary disks is the Stokes number, defined as:

Fig. 50 Omega is Keplerian frequency (?)

Particles with the same Stokes number behave aerodynamically similar. For a fixed value of the mass density of the dust particle, the Stokes number represent the particle size. Hence, particles of different sizes obtain different speeds at the same heliocentric distances, leading to different relative velocities among the solid particles population and hence different collision speeds.

‣ ‣ Snowline

Ices in PPD

• Arxiv May 2023: Investigate Edge-on Disks ice inventory

Observation

• []: spectroscopic detection of crystalline water ice in young stellar object, predominantly small grains (0.1 – 0.3 μm), few large grains, evidence for grain growth, crystallinity increases in upper layers of circumstellar disk, only amorphous grains exist in bipolar envelope, crystallization close to disk atmosphere, where water ice is shielded from hard radiation

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Mekler and Podolak Model:

• [Mekler and Podolak, 1994]
• [Podolak and Mekler, 1997]

Crystaline / Amorphous

How much of the primordial ices is concerved during class 0/1 phase

Where is the snow-line

For water ice, the critical condensation temperature is between 145K (ref 24) and 170K (ref 25) dependant on the assumed local pressure

However, snow-line location of different ice species can vary due to several processes in the disk (ref 26 - 28)

• []

Variation from Gaps: Article to extract and put in bib

Models

• []: modeling H2O snowline in young solar nebula (optically thick), two opposite effects (shielding/viscous heating), snowline position sensitive to dust grain opacity/mass accretion rate of disk, compute abundances of ice/dust, jump in solid surface density at snowline (and where rocky planets formed) smaller than previously assumed

Importance of snowline in Planet formation

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Tip

• important for Ross, ie annular substructure can be the result of grain growth ie dip appear because no more small grain, replaced by bigger grains -> PPD are not homogeneous

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C/O ratio

• []: C/O ratio regulates chemistry in hot Jupiters, exoplanets show different C/O ratio from solar system, ratio depends on where w.r.t. the different snow lines the giant planets form, between H2O and CO snowline, most of O is present in icy grains.

Water Vapor in PPD

• []: water vapour detected in outer disk, where most water ice reservoirs are stored, Herschel observations, dominated by emission from envelope/outflow, strong UV radiation of parent star irradiates upper disk layer (heating to ≈ 600 K), suggest water delivery to terrestrial planets by impact of icy bodies forming in outer disk
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CO snowline

• []: chemical imaging of CO snowline (TW Hya, solar nebula analogue) with ALMA, observe N2H+, distribution in ring matches predicted position (30 AU) of CO snow line, helps to assess models of solar system

Substructures

Papers + Data

Note

• Implement the following in dropdown tab
  • Find paper
• Insert DSHARP Gif here
• add tip bar with DSHARP project (articles)

ALMA

sub mm / substructure are ubiquitous -> planet formation is common

Fig. 51 Reference

Fig. 52 Reference

Debris Disk

• Review: []

Observations

JWST: []

Planet formation scenario

Core accretion scenario

[]

Chemistry in Disks

Molecule detections

JWST (MIRI instrument)

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Assymetric traps

Note

To define

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