✏ Chapter 1.A ️#

Introduction#

Warning

need to better understand ice structure and dynamics (in all the ice related fields).

1.1 The Dust cycle in the Galaxy#

Note

Set up the scene

  • Different environment of the ISM

  • Dust in ISM + gas H2 formation

  • Coms

The human eye is sensible to the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum (400-800nm) allowing for observation of Stars in our galaxy and beyond, but the Inter-Stellar Medium (ISM) although invisible to the naked eye, is made of a rich variaty in environments all made of two key ingredients, Gas and Dust.

Both are probed and investigated using telescopes, operating at different wavelength.

  • ALMA (radio) - rotational energy

  • Spitzer / JWST (IR) - vibration

Ice-cycle

Fig. 2 Dust and Ice cycle in the galaxy. Figure adapted from [Yamamoto et al., 1995]#

Article complete freezout in prestellar core [Caselli et al., 2022]

  • Update diagram with prestelar core section.

  • Also add Earth upper atmosphere section - Ice present in upper atmosphere {cite:p}

Dust form in the outer shells of stars and supernovae and are dispersed into the diffuse ISM. ISM various environment Molecular clouds where grains are shielded from radiation, form seeds for ice to form Ice formation processes, atomic deposition and water formation, desorption and readsorption (during early stage of stage formation) . Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) in Molecular clouds (link with molecular diversity in planetary systems, comets - asteroids) Chemistry within the ice Different chemical processes (Rachel diagram) Lab astronomy to mimic those processes Amorphous Solid Water review Challenges with ASW Porosity, gas adsorption versus small angle neutron scattering Ice is very important but complex and still poorly understood

1.2 Synergy Between Experiments, Modelling and Observation in Astronomy through the Prism of Ice#

Note

Background of the story, where do I fit

Ice coverage of interstellar dust grain in cold environment [Potapov et al., 2020] –> thiner than expected

1.3 Water Ices#

Water phase Diagram#

What makes our planet so special is its ability to sustain water in all it’s physical states, liquid, solid and gas. Dependant on Pressure and Temperature condition.

Water phase diagram is complex

Ice nucleation and growth#

Ice crystal fromation and growth is of relevance for many scientific fields:

  • Biology, cryopreservation

  • Physics, Cloud formation

  • Engeneering, aircraft wings

  • …

Crystaline Ice#

18 (more!) crystaline forms. The more common is hexagonal ice. Water molecule within the hexagonal crystal is anisotropic (double check). Cubic ice is isotropic (?) On Eart stable form is hexagonal ice (Ih)

Crystaline structure of Hexagonal (Cubic Ice) ?#

Ice rules.

Amorphous Solid Water has been an intense subject of study since it’s discovery in 1935 [BURTON and OLIVER, 1935] due to :

  • It’s similarity to supercoooled water

  • It’s potential catalytic role in the formation of complex organic molecules (COMs) in interstellar space […], and even in Earth upper atmosphere. - ie similar to a solvent

  • […] keep implementing

1.4 Amorphous Ices in the Laboratory#

Note

Introducing the main character

Method of production#

Different production routes will lead to different amorphous ices, hence water is said to be polyamorphique. Various classifications have been employed … (cf Jenniskens …).

Best qualification achieved by Loerting et al [Loerting et al., 2011]

Low density vs High density#

HDA / vHDA - relevance to Icy satellites …

We are more interested in low density Amorphous ice as it is assumed to be the material covering interstellar dust grain.

ASW/HGW LDA I / LDA II [Winkel et al., 2009]

  • How similar are they ? Scattering O-O pair distribution function.

Vapor deposited or liquid phase#

Method of investigation#

Note

  • Create html tables with all ASW experiments.

    • 1 table for all experiments

    • 1 entry per scientific group

Unclassified yet: [Li et al., 2021]

Table 1 This table title#

Ref

Investigation technique

Purpose

Ice formation conditions

Comparative studies

[Johari et al., 1991]

Dielectric properties

Optical constants

77K - 10^-6 mbar - 4-5h (1mm thick)

cf ref 6-7

13720

2744

Dielectric relaxation#

Explain technique

Ref

Investigation technique

Purpose

Ice formation conditions

Comparative studies

[Johari et al., 1991]

Dielectric properties

Optical constants

77K - 10^-6 mbar - 4-5h (1mm thick)

cf ref 6-7

[Hallbrucker et al., 1989]

Dielectric properties

Optical constants

77K - 10^-6 mbar - 4-5h (1mm thick)

cf ref 6-7

[]

Dielectric properties

Optical constants

77K - 10^-6 mbar - 4-5h (1mm thick)

cf ref 6-7

Calorimetric studies#

TPD (Temperature Program Desorption) / DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry)

Ref

Investigation technique

Purpose

Ice formation conditions

Comparative studies

[Dulieu et al., 2010]

IR

Optical constants

diff

none

Infrared Spectroscopy#

Absorption / Reflection

Water alone or in mixture

Groups - Setup

Work related to water

Investigation technique

Purpose

Ice formation conditions

Comparative studies

NASA Ames (US) - [Hudgins et al., 1993]

[Mastrapa et al., 2009] - [Mastrapa et al., 2008]

IR

Optical constants

77K - 10-6 mbar - 4-5h (1mm thick)

none

[Bergren et al., 1978]

IR

Optical constants

diff

none

[Bertie and Whalley, 1964]

IR

Optical constants

diff

none

[Hagen et al., 1981]

IR

Optical constants

diff

none

[Maté et al., 2012]

IR

Optical constants

diff

none

[]

IR

LDA - structural relaxation

diff

none

HFML-FELIX (Nederland) - [Noble et al., 2020]

[Coussan et al., 2022]

RAFTIR + IRFEL (InfraRed Free Electron Laser)

Dangling bonds

BD (Background deposition) 18K 10-8 mbar 1080s at 10-6 mbar

none

PIIM (France)

[Noble et al., 2014] - [Noble et al., 2014]

RAFTIR

Dangling bonds

none

none

Leiden (Nederland)

Gerakine [Noble et al., 2014] - [Noble et al., 2014]

RAFTIR

A values

none

none

Optical constants - necessary to produce “artificial” spectra necessary to fit observation. Experimental spectra can also be directly feated to observation cf Alexis work.

Scattering Experiments#

XRay/ Neutron

Best technique to obtain information on crystal structure. Costly and lots of other constraints.

Other#

Jenny, Bar-Num … Electron microscopy …

Download Giulia’s paper

1.4 Ice Processing in the Context of Planet Formation#

Note

Thread of adventures experienced by the hero

1.5 Thesis Motivation and Aim#

Note

Thread of adventures experienced by the hero

The aim of this thesis is to better characterise the processes at play during crystalisation of water ice. Two approach:

  • Bottom-up going from amorphous solid water vapor deposited to hexagonal ice

  • Top to bottom going from liquid water to Hyperquenched Glassy Water (HGW)

1.6 Thesis Outline#

Note

How they will be adressed